The Apology Written By Plato Essay - 919 Words

The Apology Written By Plato, is a detailed account of the trial of Socrates, who was a great philosopher in Athens. Socrates was brought to trial based on charges of â€Å"corrupting the youth† and â€Å"not believing in the gods† (23d). The people of Athens believed Socrates was corrupting the youth because they simply did not understand his method of inquiry, which consisted of Socrates teaching them to question what they thought to be true. Socrates’ method of inquiry drove his listeners to question their beliefs and often brought them to a state of puzzlement, or a state Plato calls ‘aporia.’ There are many examples of the Socratic method present in The Meno, which is also written by Plato. The entirety of The Apology consists of Socrates†¦show more content†¦This idea then leads onto the question of whether virtue is one thing or many things. Meno is then brought to aporia, now having trouble even defining virtue. The use of Socratesâ €™ inquiry in the Meno is a perfect example to show how Socrates pushed his listeners to question their own knowledge. Socrates never told Meno his definitions were wrong and his own were right, rather continued to question Meno’s conclusions to show him that he did not know the true meaning of virtue. The people of Athens were unable to accept the fact that many of them were ignorant on topics such as the definition of virtue, whereas Socrates himself was able to admit it. The Athenians disguised Socrates’ true desire to teach people for corruption and impiety because they believed he was trying to humiliate them. Although the people of Athens were blind of Socrates’ true intentions, his method of inquiry did in fact benefit the city of Athens. Socrates’ methods eliminated ignorance and increased proper knowledge on important things such as virtue and knowledge within the city of Athens, which is what he meant when he said he was â€Å"a gift of the gods to the city of Athens.† In lines 31b Socrates stated, â€Å"That I am the kind of person to be a gift of the god to the city† as a defense towards the accusations that he was corrupting the youth of Athens. The people of Athens believed that Socrates’ methods of teaching were malicious and even thought he wasShow MoreRelatedPlato s Views On Socrates928 Words   |  4 Pageswritings on Socrates came from one of his own disciples, Plato. Plato’s writings are the reason Socrates is historical figure he is today, without them Socrates would have been nothing more than a minor presence (Navia 93). Plato’s writings are classified as either early, middle, or late. However, only the early writings best portray the real Socrates (Navia 105). These writings include the Euthyphro, Crito, Phaedo, and most importantly the Apology, which discusses the trial and execution of SocratesRead MorePlato And Plato s The Apology1623 Words   |  7 Pagesoppose to philosophers such as Plato And Socrates who focused more on ethics or morality. Plato’s conception of God and religion can be depicted in his literatures â€Å"Euthyphro† and â€Å"The Apology† which he expresses through his writings of Socrates in dialogue formation. While one may assume that both Plato and Socrates shared analogous notions of God and religion it is impossible to truly know given the Socratic problem. The problem lies in that there are no written copies of Socrates ideologies, henceRead MoreWhat Are The Charges Against Socrates?1019 Words   |  5 Pagesagainst Socrates as recorded in the Apology. Is he guilty of them? Why or why not? The Apology is assumed to be the most realistic account that has been conserved of Socrates defense of himself as it was presented before the Athenian Council. It is in essential agreement with the references to the trial that occur in Plato s other dialogs. We may determine that Apology is not written by Socrates and only contains the words of Socrates that were memorized by Plato, since he was present at the timeRead More The Apology and the Republic Essay939 Words   |  4 Pagesone of histories most famous philosophers is largely due to Platos writings. Two of Platos famous works include The Apology and The Republic, both written about Socrates views about the so called wise philosophers of his time. The two works hold unique views about government, as well as opening the eyes of the Grecian people to the world as they knew it. In the Apology, Socrates was told by the Delphic Oracle that there was nobody wiser than him. With ancient Greece having been a prominentRead MoreApology And Aristophanes The Clouds982 Words   |  4 Pagesintrigue present day students of classical works, they raise questions about the veracity of his quoted works. There are some works which shed a positive light on the scholar while others convey the contrary. One such comparison is that of Plato’s book, Apology and Aristophanes’ play The Clouds. Throughout both masterpieces there are connotations that they both disagreed and presumably misrepresented Socrates’ methods, beliefs and overall views. Misrepresenting Socrates has inevitably created an only partialRead MorePlatos Philosophy in Apology1375 Words   |  6 PagesPHL202H5 Plato s Philosophy in Apology Plato was known to be one of Socrates students, and knew him for over 40 years. Although Plato s version of Apology is popularly believed to be (the most accurate) historical recount of what happened in 399 B.C on the day of Socrates trial, historians cannot be sure the validity of everything he wrote. It can be argued that it is actually a philosophical work, remarking on the teachings of Socrates and his beliefs, which he stood by even until hisRead MoreThe Big Three Ancient Greek Philosophers1107 Words   |  5 Pagesas Plato and Aristotle. These two philosophers are regarded as two of what some call the Big Three of Philosophy. â€Å"Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. You can’t begin a study of world philosophy without talking about these guys: the Big Three ancient Greek philosophers†(Cohen). Aristotle was Plato’s student, and the remaining member of the Big Three was Plato’s teacher, Socrates. Socrates is regarded as one of the most influential thin kers in history. This assumption coming from Dialogues written byRead MoreUnderstanding Philosophy and Its Benefits1194 Words   |  5 PagesUnderstanding Philosophy and its Benefits By: Anonymous Understanding Philosophy and its Benefits 1 Many of Plato’s dialogues such as the Euthyphro, Apology, Crito and Phaedo are based upon the same reoccurring theme, the defense of the study of philosophy. Plato’s dialogues notable for their depth in a relatively narrow framework, attempt to argue the benefits of philosophical reasoning through essence, knowledge and truth. To understand the benefits of philosophy one must pose the questionRead MoreSocrates One Day At 399 B.c 977 Words   |  4 PagesMay 2017 Socrates One day in 399 B.C., the man championed as the founder of Western philosophy stood before a jury, accused of â€Å"corrupting the young,† â€Å"not believing in the gods† of Athens, and believing â€Å"in other daimonia that are novel† (Plato, â€Å"Apology† 24b). Three hours were given to Socrates’ accusers, and another three for Socrates to defend himself. He was then given a choice: death or exile. To many it was startling that such vague accusations led to even a mention of death, especiallyRead MorePlato, An Ancient Greek Philosopher1458 Words   |  6 Pages Plato, an Ancient Greek Philosopher by Carly Rittenmeyer Bible and the Ancient World Spring 2015 Plato, a Greek Philosopher, is known for his writings that impacted people in the Ancient Greek society. He was a free thinker and lived in a free city, Athens. He was taught by multiple teachers including Socrates who was frequently mentioned in his writings as the central character. Plato’s novel, The Republic, influenced the idea of government and shows

None Provided21 Essay Summary Example For Students

None Provided21 Essay Summary Nothing does more to tear our families apart than violent crime, guns, gangs, drugs, and the fear that walks alongside those terrors. Violent crime and victim rights have become a major concern for most citizens in the United States of America. Statistics indicate adecline in violent crimes in our country and an increase in our national prison population. Released prisoners commit most violentcrimes. Gun control legislation, reform programs, victim rights awareness, and other programs are abundant in our country, but dolittle to alleviate violent crime. In this paper I will try to present the liberal and conservative views on this issue as well as my ownViolent crime is a complex problem and can only be responded to in complex ways. Quick fix solutions to the problem are likely toThere was a decline in crime during the 1990s. Our country enjoyed seven years of declining crime for the period 1991-98, the mostrecent data available. During this period crime declined by 22% and violent crime by 25%. These are welcome developments,particularly following the surge of crime and violence of the late 1980s. This decline occ urred during a time when the national prisonpopulation has increased substantially, rising from 789,60 in 1991 to 1,252,830, a 59% rise in just seven years and a 47% increasein the rate of incarceration, taking into account changes in the national population (Mauer 21-24). Many observers have drawn a simple correlation between these two trends. Putting more offenders in prison caused the reduction incrime. The Sentencing project has just completed a study that examines this issue in great detail and concludes that any suchcorrelation is ambiguous at best. In examining the relationship between incarceration and crime in the 1990s the picture iscomplicated by the seven year period just prior to this, 1984-91. In this period, incarceration also rose substantially, at a rate of65%. Yet crime rates increased during this time as well, by 17% nationally. Thus we see a continuous rise in incarceration forfourteen years, during which crime rose for seven years, then declined for seven years. This does not suggest that incarceration hadno impact on crime, but any such connection is clearly influenced by other factors. A comparison with other nations is instructive inthis regard. The United States incarcerates its citizens at a greater rate than any other nation and at a rate 5-8 times that of mostother industrialized nations. This differential is in part due to a higher rate of violent crime in the U.S. and in part to more severecriminal justice policies. The reasons why other industrialized nations have less violent crime than in the U.S. is clearly not becausethey lock up more offenders and thereby reduce crime. We could debate the various factors that contribute to our high level ofviolence but a failure to incarcerate is clearly not one of them (Mauer 21-24). In order to analyze the decline in crime in the 1990s in greater detail the project team examined the relationship betweenimprisonment and crime at the state level from 1991 to 1998. The reason for doing so is that national trends often obscuresubstantial variations among the states in the degree to which imprisonment is utilized as a response to crime. During the sevenyear period, for example, Texas led the nation with a 144% rise in its rate of incarceration. Maine increased its prison population byjust 2%. The national average increase in the rate of incarceration was 47% (Mauer 21-24). The statistics are significant and they aregratifying. We must be honest, too many families, and too many communities, still live in fear. Violent crimes may be at their lowestlevels in a generation, but even a single crime is one too many. Even if statistics indicate a decline in violent crime, citizens are still concerned about becoming a victim of a crime. Our childrencannot reach for their dreams if they are ducking for cover. We cannot restore a sense of community and decency if people areafraid to walk in any neighborhood, if they feel they have lost the public spaces that are rightfully theirs. A parent struggles to passon the right values in a culture that practically screams out that chaos and cruelty are cool. A good parent is undermined in trying toteach the great, simple lessons of right and wrong, of the rule of law and responsibility, when a burdened justice system letscriminals off too easy. The liberals have fought for ages to instill a sense of security and safety to our nation. They are in favor ofenforcing tougher penalties against drug and sex offenders. Liberals are pushing hard to create more gun laws that are written forfamilies, not for gun lobbyists and their apologists. They are working on raising the age for handgun possession from 18 to 21 and topass strict background checks for those who buy guns at gun shows. Liberals are in favor of enacting stiff, new penalties for adultswho sell guns to minors and to require child-safety locks on guns. Liberals believe we need tougher penalties for gun trafficking andall crimes committed with guns. The Brady Law is one of many laws that the democrats have passed. Since the Brady waitingperiod law was passed, gun crimes have dropped by 38 percent. The liberals feel that the Brady Law has stopped nearly a quarter ofa million felons and fugitives from buying guns and saved countless lives. (www.algore.com/guncontrol) The liberals have endorsed a constitutional amendment to expand the rights of crime victims. The amendment would grant victims their families the right to reasonable notice of court proceedings involving their cases, the right to have a voice in those proceedings,and the right to notice of an offenders release from prison. Conservatives assert that those rights can be ensured without anamendment, and that the measure would violate the civil rights of the accused (New York Times A18). The Liberals and Conservatives have many different views regarding guns. However, both parties do agree on some gun issues. Theyare both in favor of supporting the current ban on assault weapons, prohib iting juveniles from possessing assault weapons andbanning imports of high capacity ammunition clips. Both parties are also in favor of raising the minimum age for possessing ahandgun from age eighteen to twenty one. (Los Angeles Times C2) The Conservatives are strongly opposed to government mandated registration of guns owned by people who do not break the laws. Through A Narrow Chink: An Ethical Dilemma EssayThat is my reason for supporting the second amendment. Bibliography:Bibliography Hammer, Marion. United We Stand, Divided We Fall. American Hunter June 1998 James Dao, New York Times, p. A18 May 3, 2000 Lee, Robert, Gun Report The New American Magazine, November 11, 1996 Mauer, Marc. Preventing and Fighting Crime, What Works? FDCH Congressional Testimony, 10/02/2000 Where They Agree: Regarding Guns, Associated Press. Los Angeles Times April 21, 2000 www.AlGore2000.com/issues/crime. May 16, 1999 www.georgebush.com/crime

Management Theory free essay sample

The evolution of management thought Learning objectives for Group 1: After studying this topic you should be able to do the following: †¢Describe the origin, growth and importance of the three major schools of in the evolution of management thoughtto a logistics and transport manager. †¢Define the key attribute of the classical school in terms of its assumptions about human motivation. Sample questions to guide group discussion 1. Why did a formal theory of management not emerge before the end of the 19th century? Why did it emerge then? 2. Why is it difficult to understand contemporary management without knowing its history? 3. Why is it important to understand the various management theories that have evolved? 4. Describe three major schools in the evolution of management thought 5. What do you think are the major strengths and weaknesses of the three major schools of thought? 6. As a Logistics and Transport professional or manager of what benefit is the study of the evolution of management thought to your practice? Learning objectives forGroup 2: After studying this sub-topic you should be able to do the following: †¢Explain the role of the Classical School and its contribution to current management thinking and practice †¢Explain the role that time studies have played in scientific management †¢Discuss the ways in which administrative approach differs from the scientific approach to management. We will write a custom essay sample on Management Theory or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Sample Questions to guide group discussion 1. What was the contribution of Frederick W. Taylor to the development of management theory? 2. How is a Gantt chart used? How did Henry L. Gantt differ from Frederick W. Taylor in the area of incentives? 3. Define the key attribute of the classical school in terms of its assumptions about human motivation. 4. Explain the role that time studies have played in scientific management. 5. Discuss the ways in which the administrative approach differs from the scientific approach to management. 6. What were some of the tools devised by Frederick W. Taylor to increase production? Did these methods take into account the subjective motivations of workers? 7. Which of Fayol’s principles still apply today? 8. What management theory was created by Henri Fayol, and how did he within this theory, define management? 9. How did Frank and Lillian Gilbreth contribute to the development of Scientific Management? What was a â€Å"therblig†? Learning objectives forGroup 3: After studying this sub-topic you should be able to do the following: Group 3: The Behavioral School †¢Explain the significance of the Hawthorne experiments. †¢What is the legacy of the Behavioral school? Sample questions to guide your discussion 1. Explain the transition from the assumptions that characterize the classical school to those that are characteristic of the behavioral school. What were some important reasons for the rise of the behavioral school? 2. How does McGregor’s Theory Y view of workers differ from the view of Frederick W. Taylor? 3. In what way can the behavioral school be seen as a synthesis of the two branches of the classical school? 4. Discuss the Hawthorne effect. What are the implications of this phenomenon for the practice of management? 5. Explain the significance of the Hawthorne Studies. Learning objectives forGroup 4: After studying this sub-topic you should be able to do the following: Group 4: The Management Science School †¢What is the legacy of the Management ScienceSchool? †¢What is the Systems and contingency approach? Sample questions to guide group discussions. 1. What are the key four features of the management school? 2. What are the main assumptions made by the management scientists? Group 4: Systems and contingency approach 1. Describe the systems approach and the contingency approach; explain how they are related to the early schools of thought. Why is the systems approach more appropriate today than it would have been in Fayol’s time? 3. Which management technique is always advocated by a Contingency Approach to management? Topic 2: Organizational design Learning objectives forGroup 5: After studying this topic you should be able to do the following: †¢Define the term organizational design, and discuss why it is important to the organizing function. †¢Identify the basic elements of organizational design, and explain why it is important that these elements fit together. †¢Explain the meaning of contingency, and describe the major variables on which organizational design is contingent. †¢Describe the major organizational designs alternatives, and cite their principal advantages and disadvantages. Sample questions to guide group discussions. 1. What is organizational design? Why is it important? 2. Describe the symptoms of organizational design problems. 3. What are the basic elements in organizational design? Explain and illustrate each element. 4. Identify five alternatives for structuring organizations. 5. In what way is the design of an organization contingent on the organizations environment? 6. In what way is the design of an organization contingent on the organizations technology and on its size? 7. Explain the difference between a mechanistic design and an organic design. 8. Describe a situation wherein a matrix organization structure would be appropriate. What problems would you anticipate? 9. Why are managers concerned with organizational design? 10. Why is the organization’s size alone not a sufficient indicator of the appropriate design for that organization? Topic 3:Managerial decision making Learning objectives for Group 6: After studying this topic you should be able to do the following: †¢Explain the different types of decisions †¢To understand the different approaches to decision making †¢To understand the decision making process and the constraints to making decisions Sample questions to guide group discussions 1. Explain the differences between programmed and non -programmed decisions. 2. From your own experience, cite two examples each of programmed and non-programmed decisions. 3. Explain the difference between the centralized and decentralized approaches to decision making. 4. List and describe the five basic steps in decision making 5. Describe some of the conditions under which decisions are made 6. Explain the value of technical tools that enhance managerial decision making. 7. What role do goals play in the decision making process? 8. What kinds of managerial decisions do you think it best for the manager to make alone? What kinds are better made by the group process? 9. How is participative decision making different from group decision making?

Why It Is Harder to Rinse Off Soap With Soft Water

Why It Is Harder to Rinse Off Soap With Soft Water Do you have hard water? If you do, you may have a water softener to help protect your plumbing from scale buildup, prevent soap scum, and lessen the amount of soap and detergent needed for cleaning. Youve probably heard that cleaners work better in soft water than in hard water, but does that mean you will feel cleaner if you bathe in soft water? Actually, no. Rinsing in soft water may leave you feeling a little slippery and soapy, even after a thorough rinsing. Why? The answer lies in understanding the chemistry of soft water and soap. The Hard Facts of Hard Water Hard water contains calcium and magnesium ions. Water softeners remove those ions by exchanging them for sodium or potassium ions. Two factors contribute to that slippery-when-wet feeling you get after soaping up with soft water. First, soap lathers better in soft water than in hard water, so its easy to use too much. The more dissolved soap there is, the more water you need to rinse it away. Second, the ions in softened water lessen its ability to stick to the soap molecules, making it more difficult to rinse the cleanser off your body. Chemical Reaction The reaction between a triglyceride molecule (fat) and sodium hydroxide (lye) to make soap yields a molecule of glycerol with three ionically bonded molecules of sodium stearate (the soap part of soap). This sodium salt will give up the sodium ion to water, while the stearate ion will precipitate out of solution if it comes into contact with an ion that binds it more strongly than sodium (such as the magnesium or calcium in hard water). The magnesium stearate or calcium stearate is a waxy solid that you know as soap scum. It can form a ring in your tub, but it rinses off your body. The sodium or potassium in soft water makes it much more unfavorable for the sodium stearate to give up its sodium ion so that it can form an insoluble compound and get rinsed away. Instead, the stearate clings to the slightly charged surface of your skin. Essentially, soap would rather stick to you than get rinsed away in soft water. Addressing the Problem There are a few ways you can address the problem: You can use less soap, try a synthetic liquid body wash (synthetic detergent or syndet), or rinse with naturally soft water or rainwater, which probably wont contain elevated levels of sodium or potassium.

American Civil War and Black Political Power

Although the victory of the North resulted in the end of slavery, that was not the stated aim of either President Abraham Lincoln or the industrial argosies that was the dominant social class in the North when the war commenced. The war began only as a result of the decision by most of the slave states to secede from the Union in 1861. Lincoln refused to end slavery, assuring all slave owners who cooperated with the federal government that they would maintain their property. His eventual decision to issue the 1863 Emancipation Proclamation, which decreed the end of legal slavery, was fundamentally a military decision.Without the enlistment of thousands of escaping slaves into the Northern army, the defeat of the Confederate army seemed remote. These newly enlisted Black soldiers, with their incredible resolve, determination and self- sacrifice, turned the tide. It was a case of law following reality: Slaves were deserting or refusing to work on the plantations in growing numbers, and they were demanding the right to join the battle. The military exigencies of the day overcame the white supremacist policy of the Northern army and the federal government, which had refused to abolish slavery until that time.The Emancipation Proclamation had the effect of drawing into the struggle the Black masses-?and it proved decisive. African Americans comprised a social class rooted in the slave system itself, and ultimately determined the outcome of the Civil War. After the proclamation, some 180,000 freed slaves enlisted in the Union Army and became fearless fighters against the army of their former masters. When Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered in 1865, the question of how to reintegrate the Southern states into the Union was sharply posed. This was the basis for the period of Reconstruction.It represented a contain caution of the conflicts of the Civil War, but under new circumstances determining the direction of the life-and-death struggle between the overthrown and the overthrowing classes. Suppressing counterrevolution Like every revolution, the military conflict of the Civil War was followed by a period in which the remnants of the previous order were suppressed, both by political means and by force. The French Revolution, the 191 7 Russian Revolution, the 1959 Cuban Revolution and others all relied upon extraordinary measures to survive and fight off the attempts of the former ruling classes to regain political power. How to suppress these forces had been the subject of debate in the Northern political circles throughout the war. On the one hand were moderates like Lincoln who wanted to incorporate as many elements of the old slave-owning class into a new pro-logion government. On the other hand, Radical Republicans like Thatched Stevens and Charles Sumner favored harsh repression and exclusion of Confederate society from political power. The Radical Republicans were the political driving force of Reconstruction. They were in an objective sense the revolutionary, unwavering and determined wing of the divided capitalist class.Their political base was in Congress, where they held a majority that grew in the years immediately allowing the end of the war. They understood that the freed slaves were the most solid base of support for the Union. African Americans rejoiced at the military defeat of the Confederacy. Across the South, ex-slaves organized meetings and political organizations to take advantage of their new freedom. Social gains of Reconstruction In March 1865, just weeks before Lee?s surrender, the federal government created the Freedmans Bureau.Ledger the military protection of Union troops, Black and white, the Bureau organized a vast education project for former slaves-?a project which laid the foundation for public education sanctioned. It was even authorized to carry out a land redistribution program, although such radical measures were never widely implemented. The decrees following emancipation challenged racist notions and recognized former slaves as human beings. The formerly enslaved and property-less Black masses looked forward to a new beginning free from racist violence and with compensation for everything they had endured. But differences emerged almost immediately over how to reconcile the interests of the freed slaves with the needs of the victorious Northern capitalist class. The tenuous political alliance of the anti-slavery forces during the Civil War soon broke apart. The Radical Republicans understood the strategically important role of African Americans in smashing the former slave-owning class. The moderates, however, sought to rely on a partnership with the old ruling class as opposed to the revolutionary momentum of the Black masses.Johnnys Black Codes President Andrew Johnson, who had assumed the presidency after Lincoln assassination, had postured as a Radical during the war. But he quickly emerged as the leading force of political reaction within the national Republican Party. After the defeat of the Confederacy, Johnson installed new governments in the Southern states made up wholly or primarily of pardoned ex- Confederates. In late 1 865, several of these Johnson-installed state legislatures passed laws known as Black Codes. These laws set up the terms for the newly freed Black population to participate in Reconstruction.They were in many ways precursors to the Jim Crow laws, creating a separate and unequal system for African Americans. The Black Codes varied from state to state, but they had common features. They provided for labor contracts for Black laborers-?often with terms not much different than slavery. They prohibited Blacks from migrating from one state to another unless they possessed papers specifying that he or she was bonded by contract to labor for an employer. They limited African Americans participation in politics with educational or property restrictions. Former slaves were generally described by the laws as servants, while the description used for employers was master. Economically, the main thrust of the Black Codes was to reinstitution the plantation system. For example, Blacks were restricted from choosing where they worked and the type of work they did. In many parts of the South they were forbidden to work in towns and cities. In some areas, skilled Black workers were required to receive a license or certificate in order to get employment in occupations other than in agriculture or domestic work.In the eyes of many, both former slaves and Northerners, the power of the former Slavonic was being restored. Johnnys Presidential Reconstruction was seen as selling out the gains of the Civil War. Further inflaming Radical imminent, in 1866 Johnson vetoed an extension of the Freedmans Bureau and a Civil Rights bill that would extend citizenship to African Americans. Radical Reconstruction and Black political power New elections to the House of Representatives took place in 1866.With the southern states not yet readmitted to the union, Radical Republicans made big gains, winning enough seats to override Johnnys vetoes. The ID-year period beginning in 1867 is what is known as Radical Reconstruction and was a period of the most far-reaching social change seen in Lignite States history. A Civil Rights Act was passed over Johnnys veto in March 1866. The Congress passed the Reconstruction Act, which put the whole former Confederacy under military control and forced the creation of new state governments in accord with voting rights for African Americans.African Americans organized into Union Leagues to exert their new political power. Over 600-?a majority former slaves-?were elected to state office during this period. A wide variety of social programs were introduced: widening public education, funding for health care for the poor in South Carolina, free legal aid for the poor in Alabama. Racist violence But each step forward for the newly emancipated African Americans was met by violent resistance by the former rulers. White Southern politicians colluded to undermine Reconstruction. As early as May 1 866, Gene.Nathan Bedford Forrest rallied a group of ex-Confederate soldiers in Pulaski, Teen. , to form the infamous UK Klux Klan. The Klan spread quickly throughout the Southern states. The Auks primary objective was to crush the new manipulation of African Americans. Knowing that the African American people had the will and numerical advantage to create the South in their own interests, the ASK targeted the families of outspoken Black leaders in twilight-hour raids of their homes. The terrorist organization also attacked progressive Northern whites who were serving the purposes of Reconstruction.Throughout Reconstruction, political debates in Congress or in state legislatures were accompanied by violent massacres committed by organized white racist groups. Such massacres took place in New Orleans in 1866, Memphis, Teen. In 1866, Pulaski, Teen. In 1868, Epilogues, La. In 1868, Camilla, ca. In 1868, Meridian, Miss. N 1870, Tutee, Ala. In 1870, Laurels, S. C. In 1870, New York City in 1870 and again in 1871 and in Collar and Southeast, La. In 1873. The list of these atrocities continues for the duration of Reconstruction, setting the precedent for the lynchings and apartheid terror for African Americans into the 20th century.African Americans defended themselves and the gains of emancipation through mass campaigns and with arms in hand. Regiments of Black soldiers patrolled streets throughout the South. But the weight of the racist whites organizations proved to be too powerful for the African American community o overcome-?especially as support for Reconstruction waned in the North. Racists sought to disarm the Black masses. Throughout the Southern states and neighboring regions, gun control laws were introduced-?but selectively applied only to African Americans, who relied on their guns to defend themselves. At the same time, economic depression in the 1 sass along with corporate corruption scandals led to the emergence of a growing anti-Reconstruction coalition in the federal government. Federal troops were removed in one state after another, each time resulting in the reversal of political and economic gains for African Americans. In 1 877, Republican president-elect Rutherford B. Hayes-?having lost the popular vote in the 1876 elections and with the election outcome uncertain in the electoral college-? agreed to what became known as the Compromise of 1876, or in the Black community as the Great Betrayal of 1876. Hayes and the Republicans agreed to remove all remaining federal troops from the South in exchange for the Republicans retaining the White House. A reign of ASK terror and lynching enveloped the South as the Northern troops were removed. The dictatorship of the Reconstruction period-?with the Old slave owners repressed and the ex-slaves living in a semi- democracy-?was replace d by the reintroduction of the old dictatorship of the Slavonic. The former slave owners could no longer possess human beings as their property, but they reemerged as junior partners of the Northern industrial bourgeoisie. In the southern part of the United States, this dictatorship of the Southern and Northern capitalists continued the legacy of unmatched cruelty and oppression of an entire people. The period known as Reconstruction was officially over. The first real experience of Black political power-?coming after centuries of attempted slave insurrections and resistance-?was ultimately defeated. Capitalist consolidation vs..Black liberation The Civil War that was led by the Northern industrial bourgeoisie, uprooting the slave-owning class in the South, opened the door for the exploited Black masses to organize and make real social gains. During the period of Radical Reconstruction, the interests of this oppressed class dovetailed with the Northern capitalists short-term interests in crushing their former rivals. This was despite the fact that the African American masses class interests were hostile to both Northern capital and Southern chattel slavery. The most important task for the U. S. Fatalist class was increased centralization and consolidation. It was in the midst of the genocidal campaign against the Native peoples in the west. Life-and-death battles with the newly emerging industrial working class were taking place in railroads, mines and factories across the country. The capitalists were within 20 years of joining the worldwide race for colonial plunder. The industrial capitalists made peace with the defeated Slavonic at the cost of many concessions-?the easiest for them being the aspirations of the exploited African American working classes.Although subjected to renewed and constant terrorism from the forces of white supremacy, who had all the institutional threads to political power in the form of control over local and state police forces, the freedom movement of the African American community could not be extinguished. Generation after generation found new methods of struggle. Between the mid-sass and the 1 9705, this freedom struggle culminated in he emergence of the broadest and most militant social movement in the history of the United States.It was this movement that would eventually force the U. S. Government to formally outlaw the apartheid system that replaced the Reconstruction era following its overthrow in 1877. The passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act and the 1 965 Voting Rights Act restored the legal rights that had been violently suppressed 90 years earlier. The democratic aspirations of African Americans were betrayed by the capitalist class precisely because the interests of the bourgeoisie as an exploiting class could not be reconciled with the social interests of the exploited.

Both Faustini and Cavalli's Calisto and Quinault and Lully's Atys are Essay

Both Faustini and Cavalli's Calisto and Quinault and Lully's Atys are mortals who find themselves ensnared in a web of amor - Essay Example This idea of progress, thumbing one’s nose at the intentions and designs of the deities, was understood to be tantamount to the worst possible crime that could be committed by man against the gods. Understandings of progress and an appreciation for mythology has pervaded European culture throughout the centuries. As such, at the time that operatic dramas began to be exhibited within Europe, near the beginning of the Baroque period, an understanding and general appreciation for the compliments of mythology and the idea that humans were merely the playthings of the gods, was carried alongside the musical development and plot design that came to define these operas. As a function of understanding this to a more full and complete degree, the following analysis will discuss the way in which Faustini and Cavalli’s â€Å"Calisto† as well as Quinault and Lully’s â€Å"Atys† represented mere mortals that were operating merely as pawns in a struggle for self- determination and freedom from the gods. Although this may be relevantly understood with regards to a description and discussion of mythology, the following analysis will present such a determination with regards to the way in which the musical composition of the individual librettos indicates this in and of itself. Firstly, with regards to the way in which a sense of helplessness is represented and the overall resignation to fatalism is accepted in both pieces, the listener must be keenly aware of the nuanced transition from major to minor keys to take place throughout the individual librettos. These transitions occur not indiscriminately but with respect to the subject matter that is being engaged in the actual plot development that is occurring. Ultimately, the individual characters briefly hope for a release from the fatalistic and resigned nature that they have experienced; however, as reality begins to seep in and they become more and more aware of the hopelessness of determin ing their own flight and fighting for their own future, the transition from major to minor invariably occurs (Deacon 37). Whereas the human spirit is represented as eternally hopeful, this hope turns into doubt, foreboding, and resignation as these individual shifts take place. Another means through which the fatalism is evidenced throughout both of these respective pieces is with regards to the dramatic pause that the composers were able to provide. Whereas a dramatic pause in music has been utilized for a great many things, the dramatic pauses that were included within the librettos included pointed to the fact that the characters in question were becoming fully aware of the reality of their situations and/or considering the foolishness of their hopeful expectations. Invariably, these dramatic pauses were leveraged as a means of alerting the viewer that a shift in thinking and a fundamentally different approach than had previously been presented was taking place. Another mechanism through which hope, despair, and fatalism is presented is with regards the way in which an uptick in tempo and an increase in the suspense of the music prior to revelations of actions by the gods and the means by which these will impact upon the respective characters is exhibited. In this way, a type of foreshadowing is created by the respective composers as for knowledge

Emiratisation in the UAE Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 12500 words

Emiratisation in the UAE - Thesis Example They believe that the organizational culture in the private sector employment is not according to their personality and their diversity is not helping to achieve the required level of organizational performance. In addition to that, the young Emiratis also face the language problem. The normal language in the private sector employment is English and it is highly required that employees must understand and communicate with the use of English language. Unfortunately, a considerable number of Emiratis do not have frequency while communicating with the use of English language. This situation further adds fuel to the fire of their perceptions about the private sector employment. In addition to that, they face the issue of career development as well. Many Emiratis have not been given opportunity to understand their career roadmap so that they become in a position to determine and decide their future career track. In this regard, the absence of career counseling is also considerably contrib uting. Moreover, the charm in the public sector employment does not allow the young Emiratis to apply in the private sector employment. Currently, more and more young Emiratis are showing their keen interest in the public sector employment and they admire that the workplace environment, flexible working hours, attractive remuneration packages and benefits are those factors that attract the young Emiratis to only consider the public sector employment as a worthwhile opportunity and at the same time, this works as discouraging factor to applying to the private sector employment. On the other hand, the private sector employers have also developed strange beliefs about the locals. They believe that the locals are less inclined to work and are more inclined to avoid private sector work. They believe that the locals have different lifestyle and at the same time they contend that the locals have not much to offer in the shape of interpersonal skills, communication skills, expertise and